Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, electrode used for secondary battery, and method of manufacturing electrode

ABSTRACT

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode body including a positive electrode and a negative electrode superimposed upon each other with a separator interposed therebetween. The negative electrode is superimposed upon the positive electrode in a state where a negative electrode active material layer, except the part on a proximal end part of a negative electrode tab, is positioned inside an outer edge of a positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode. A width H 1  of the negative electrode active material layer including the part on the proximal end part of the negative electrode tab, width H 2  of the negative electrode active material layer or negative electrode current collector at a part other than the negative electrode tab, and width H 3  of the positive electrode active material layer are formed to satisfy the relationships of H 2 &lt;H 3 , and (H 1 −H 2 )≧(H 3 −H 2 )÷2.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority fromprior Japanese Patent Applications No. 2008-250231, filed Sep. 29, 2008;and No. 2008-255198, filed Sep. 30, 2008, the entire contents of both ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, an electrode used for the secondary battery, and a method ofmanufacturing the electrode.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery hasattracted attention as a power source of a hybrid electric vehicle orelectric storage device for an electric generator using green energysuch as solar energy and wind power. In such uses, the temporalvariation in the load or generated power is dramatic, and hence asecondary battery with high capability for instantly storing orreleasing a large current, i.e., a secondary battery with a exceptionalhigh-current characteristics is demanded.

In general, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is provided withan exterior member or a container, formed of a metal, a laminate film orthe like, an electrode body contained in the container together with anelectrolyte liquid, and electrode terminals connected to the electrodebody and exposed to the outside.

The electrode body is configured by superimposing a negative electrodeplate obtained by forming a negative electrode active material layer ona current collector plate and a positive electrode plate obtained byforming a positive electrode active material layer on a currentcollecting plate upon each other with a separator interposed between theelectrodes, and rolling up or stacking the resultant. Further, tabs forcurrent collection extend from a side edge of the current collectorplate (for example, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI. Publication No.2006-139919).

In such a secondary battery with a high degree of high-currentcharacteristics as described above, in order to make the reduction ofthe voltage as small as possible when a large current is made to flow,it is necessary to make the resistance of the active material layersmall. However, at this time, the following problems are caused.

One of them is a problem due to the reduction in the resistance of theactive material layer. It is the fact that in the electrode bodyconstituted of a positive electrode, negative electrode, and separatorfor electrically separating these electrodes from each other, when thepositive electrode and negative electrode are short-circuited by aminute conductive foreign substance through the separator for somereason, a minute leakage current flowing there becomes relatively largerby an amount corresponding to the reduction in the resistance of theactive material layer. As a result of this, current leakage occurs evenwhen the battery is not used, and the battery capacity is rapidlydecreased from the normal level.

The second is a problem of electrode strain occurring in a coil-shapedelectrode body formed by rolling up the electrodes into a cylinder orflat shape, when the electrode body is subjected to an electroderolling/pressing process to reduce the resistance thereof. The electrodebody formed by rolling up the electrodes into a cylindrical or flatshape is provided with a large number of current collection tabs. Byincreasing the number of tabs, it is possible to increase thecross-sectional area of the tabs through which the current flows and,consequently, the resistance decreases. However, in the electroderolling/pressing process, pressure is applied to the active materiallayer, whereas no pressure is applied to the tabs since the roll of therolling press is not brought into contact with the tabs. As a result ofthis, strain is caused at the boundary between the active material layerto which pressure is applied, and the tabs to which no pressure isapplied. When such a strained electrode is rolled up, a gap is formedbetween the electrodes of the rolled-up coil, and the resistancecomponent is increased.

As methods of forming an electrode with current collection tabs, thereare provided a method of welding tabs to that parts of a currentcollector constituted of metallic foil, which are coated with the activematerial layer, and a method of punching uncoated parts of a currentcollector constituted of metallic foil to thereby forming tabs integralwith the current collector. The number of tabs can be easily increasedin the latter method, and hence the latter method is advantageous to alithium ion secondary battery for the large current use.

The latter method is disclosed in, for example, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAIPublication No. 2006-139919. According to this method of manufacturing abattery electrode, a width of an uncoated part (part on which no activematerial layer is arranged) continuously formed at a side edge part onthe surface of a current collector in the longitudinal direction of theelectrode is made 1 to 10 mm, a large number of tabs are formed in theuncoated part of the current collector by extending the currentcollector at predetermined intervals and, thereafter the active materiallayer is pressed in the thickness direction.

However, in such a manufacturing method and electrode, a part on whichno active material layer is arranged is located between the tab and theactive material layer, and hence there is a problem to be solved in thecapacity per unit volume. Further, the mechanical strength of the tab islow, and hence a case is conceivable where the tab is deformed orstrained in the manufacturing process.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been contrived in consideration of thesecircumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery capable of preventing the capacity frombeing reduced by a minute internal short circuit. Another object of thepresent invention is to provide a battery electrode and a method ofmanufacturing the battery electrode, capable of reducing defects due tobending of tabs.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery comprising: an exterior member; and anelectrode body and non-aqueous electrolyte liquid contained in theexterior member, the electrode body including a positive electrode and anegative electrode superimposed upon each other with a separatorinterposed between the electrodes, the positive electrode including apositive electrode current collector having an outer edge, a positiveelectrode tab protruding from the outer edge of the positive electrodecurrent collector and being continued with the positive electrodecurrent collector without a joint, and a positive electrode activematerial layer formed on the positive electrode current collector overthe entire width of the positive electrode current collector, thenegative electrode including a negative electrode current collectorhaving an outer edge, a negative electrode tab protruding from the outeredge of the negative current collector and being continued with thenegative electrode current collector without a joint, and a negativeelectrode active material layer containing lithium titanate, formed onthe negative electrode current collector over the entire width of thenegative electrode current collector, and on a proximal end part of thenegative electrode tab, the negative electrode being superimposed uponthe positive electrode in a state where the negative electrode activematerial layer, except the part on the proximal end part of the negativeelectrode tab, is positioned inside an outer edge of the positiveelectrode active material layer, and a width H1 of the negativeelectrode active material layer including the part thereof formed on theproximal end part of the negative electrode tab, width H2 of thenegative electrode active material layer or negative electrode currentcollector at a part other than the negative electrode tab, and width H3of the positive electrode current collector or positive electrode activematerial layer being formed to satisfy the relationships ofH2<H3, and (H1−H2)≧(H3−H2)÷2.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided abattery electrode comprising: a current collector made of metallic foil;a tab made of metallic foil, and protruding from the current collector;and an active material-containing layer formed on each of both surfacesof the current collector, and an area including a proximal end part ofthe tab on the current collector side.

According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided amethod of manufacturing a battery electrode including a currentcollector made of metallic foil, a tab made of metallic foil andprotruding from the current collector, and an active material-containinglayer formed on each of both surfaces of the current collector, and anarea including a proximal end part of the tab on the current collectorside, the method comprising: forming an active material-containing layeron each of both surfaces of metallic foil except one end part at whichthe tab is to be formed; cutting out the metallic foil on which theactive material-containing layers are formed to form a current collectoron both surfaces of which the active material-containing layers areformed, and a tab in which the active material-containing layer isformed on the area; and pressing the active material-containing layer ina thickness direction thereof.

According to an aspect of the present invention, it is possible toobtain a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable of preventingthe capacity from being reduced by a minute short circuit, andoutputting high power. According to an embodiment of the presentinvention, it is possible to provide a battery electrode andmanufacturing method thereof capable of reducing defects due to bendingof tabs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention, andtogether with the general description given above and the detaileddescription of the embodiments given below, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, according to an embodiment of the present invention, in apartially cutaway state;

FIG. 2 is a side view showing an electrode body of the non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the electrode body taken along lineIII-III of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are side views respectively showing a positive electrodeand negative electrode of the electrode body;

FIG. 5 is a side view showing an electrode body of a non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery according to example 1;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the electrode body taken along lineVI-VI of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a side view showing an electrode body of a non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery according to comparative example 1;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the electrode body taken along lineVIII-VIII of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9A is a plan view showing a manufacturing step of a batteryelectrode according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the electrode taken along lineIXB-IXB of FIG. 9A;

FIG. 10A is a plan view showing a battery electrode according to theembodiment;

FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view of the electrode taken along lineXB-XB of FIG. 10A;

FIG. 11 is a plan view showing a manufacturing step of a batteryelectrode according to a second embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a plan view of the battery electrode according to the secondembodiment; and

FIG. 13 is a plan view showing a battery electrode according to a thirdembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodimentof the present invention will be described below in detail. FIG. 1 is aperspective view showing an external appearance of the non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery according to the embodiment, FIG. 2 is aplan view showing part of an electrode body in the non-aqueouselectrolyte secondary battery, FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showingthe electrode body by cutting the electrode body along line III-III ofFIG. 2, and FIGS. 4A and 4B are plan views respectively showing apositive electrode and negative electrode. It should be noted that eachdrawing is a schematic view of the embodiment for promotingcomprehension thereof, and there are parts different from the actualsecondary battery in shape, dimension, ratio, and the like. However,these parts can be appropriately changed in design in consideration ofthe following description and heretofore known art.

As shown in FIG. 1, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery isconfigured as a thin-type secondary battery 10 such as a lithium-ionbattery or the like. The secondary battery 10 includes, as a exteriorcontainer, an exterior member 12 having a flat rectangular box-shape,formed of, for example, a laminated film, in which a laminated electrodebody 14 is contained together with a non-aqueous electrolyte liquid. Apositive electrode terminal 16 a, and negative electrode terminal 16 boutwardly protrude from an end surface of the exterior member 12. Thepositive electrode terminal 16 a and negative electrode terminal 16 bare respectively connected to the positive electrode and negativeelectrode constituting the electrode body 14.

As shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4A, and 4B, the electrode body 14 is configuredby stacking a plurality of electrode cells 24 with separators 22interposed between the cells 24. Each of the electrode cells 24 isformed by laying a positive electrode 18 and a negative electrode 20 oneon top of each other with a separator 22 interposed therebetween.

Each of the positive electrodes 18 includes a rectangular positiveelectrode current collector 18 a formed of a foil of aluminum or thelike, and a positive electrode active material layers 18 b formed onboth surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 18 a. Thepositive electrode active material layer 18 b is formed on the overallsurface of the positive electrode current collector 18 a. Each positiveelectrode 18 includes a positive electrode tab 18 c for currentcollection protruding at substantially right angles from an outer edge,for example, a side edge of the positive electrode current collector 18a. The positive electrode tab 18 c is formed of the same material as thepositive electrode current collector 18 a integral with the positiveelectrode current collector 18 a, and continuously extends from thepositive electrode current collector 18 a without a break or joint sucha welding. The positive electrode current collector 18 a and positiveelectrode active material layer 18 b are formed into a size with a widthH3 of, for example, 52 mm.

Each of the negative electrodes 20 includes a rectangular negativeelectrode current collector 20 a constituted of foil of aluminum or thelike, and negative electrode active material layers 20 b formed on bothsurfaces of the negative electrode current collector 20 a. The negativeelectrode active material layer 20 b is formed on the overall surface ofthe negative electrode current collector 20 a. Each negative electrode20 includes a negative electrode tab 20 c for current collectionprotruding at substantially right angles from an outer edge, forexample, a side edge of the negative electrode current collector 20 a.The negative electrode tab 20 c is formed of the same material as thenegative electrode current collector 20 a integral with the negativeelectrode current collector 20 a, and continuously extends from thenegative electrode current collector without a break or joint such as awelding. The negative electrode tab 20 c protrudes to the same side asthe positive electrode tab 18 c, and is provided on the opposite side ofthe positive electrode tab 18 c with respect to the longitudinaldirection of the negative electrode current collector 20 a.

The negative electrode active material layers 20 b are continuouslyformed on both sides of a proximal end part of the negative electrodetab 20 c. A width of the negative electrode current collector 20 a, anda width of the negative electrode active material layer 20 b at a partother than the negative electrode tab 20 c are formed into, for example,a width H2 of 50 mm. A width of the negative electrode active materiallayer 20 b including the layer 20 b formed at the proximal end part ofthe negative electrode tab 20 c is formed into, for example, a width H1of 53 mm. As a result of this, a width H4 of the negative electrodeactive material layer 20 b is formed in a size of 1 mm or larger, and 3mm in this case.

As described above, the width H1 of the negative electrode activematerial layer 20 b including the layer 20 b formed at the proximal endpart of the negative electrode tab 20 c, width H2 of the negativeelectrode current collector 20 a or negative electrode active materiallayer 20 b at a part other than the negative electrode tab 20 c, andwidth H3 of the positive electrode current collector 18 a or positiveelectrode active material layer 18 b are formed to satisfy the followingrelationships.H2<H3, and (H1−H2)≧(H3−H2)÷2

Further, a length of the positive electrode current collector 18 a andpositive electrode active material layer 18 b is longer than a length ofthe negative electrode current collector 20 a and negative electrodeactive material layer 20 b.

Each of the positive electrode 18, and negative electrode 20 is rolledby applying a load thereto by means of a roll press. Further, byselecting the load of the roll press, the electrode is formed in such amanner that, after the rolling, a ratio W2/W1 of the weight W2 of theelectrode current collector per unit area thereof to the weight W1 ofthe electrode tab part per unit area thereof satisfies the relationshipof 0.995<W2/W1<0.999.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, in each electrode cell 24, the positiveelectrode 18 and negative electrode 20 are laid one on top of each otherwith the separator 22 interposed between the electrodes. At this time,the negative electrode 20 is arranged in such a manner that an outeredge thereof is opposed to the inner side of an outer edge of thepositive electrode active material layer 18 b of the positive electrode18 except for the negative electrode tab 20 c. The negative electrodeactive material layer 20 b supported on the proximal end part of thenegative electrode tab 20 c extends to at least a position opposed tothe outer edge of the positive electrode active material layer, anddesirably extends to the outside beyond the position opposed to theouter edge of the positive electrode active material layer 18 b. As aresult of this, at a part at which the positive electrode 18 andnegative electrode 20 are opposed to each other, the positive electrodeactive material layer 18 b and negative electrode active material layer20 b are always opposed to each other, and no part at which the metallicparts of the electrode current collector and current collection tab areopposed to each other exists.

It should be noted that the separator 22 is formed larger than thepositive electrode 20, and is formed in such a manner that an outercircumference thereof is within a range outside the positive electrode20, and not exceeding the positive electrode tab 18 c and negativeelectrode tab 20 c.

The positive electrode tab 18 c and negative electrode tab 20 c of eachelectrode cell 24 of the electrode body 14 formed in the mannerdescribed above are respectively connected to the positive electrodeterminal 16 a and negative electrode terminal 16 c.

Next, each constituent element of the secondary battery 10 will bedescribed below in detail.

(Positive Electrode Slurry and Positive Electrode)

The positive electrode active material layer 18 b is formed by coatingof positive electrode slurry. The positive electrode slurry is formed bymixing a positive electrode active material, positive electrodeconductive agent, and binding agent with each other. As the positiveelectrode active material to be contained in the positive electrodeslurry, a general lithium transition metal compound oxide can be used.Examples of the above transition metal compound oxide include LiCoO₂,LiNi_(1-x)Co_(x)O₂ (0<x<0.3), LiMn_(x)NiyCo_(z)O₂ (0<x<0.5, 0<y<0.5,0≦z<0.5), LiMn_(2-x)M_(x)O₄ (M is Li, Mg, Co, Al, Ni, 0<x<0.2), LiMPO₄(M is Fe, Co, Ni), and the like.

Examples of the positive electrode conductive agent for enhancing thecurrent collection performance, and reducing the contact resistanceassociated with the contact with the current collector includecarbonaceous matter such as acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, andthe like.

Examples of the binding agent for binding the positive electrode activematerial and positive electrode conductive agent to each other includepolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF),fluorine-containing rubber, and the like.

As for the compounding ratio of the positive electrode active material,positive electrode conductive agent, and binding agent, it is desirablethat the positive electrode active material be 80% by weight or more,and 95% by weight or less, positive electrode conductive agent be 3% byweight or more, and 18% by weight or less, and binding agent be 2% byweight or more, and 17% by weight or less. As for the positive electrodeconductive agent, by being 3% by weight or more, it is possible for thepositive electrode conductive agent to exhibit the above-mentionedeffect, and by being 18% by weight or less, it is possible for the agentto reduce decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface ofthe positive electrode conductive agent in high-temperature storage. Asfor the binding agent, by being 2% by weight or more, it is possible forthe binding agent to obtain sufficient electrode strength, and by being17% by weight or less, it is possible for the agent to reduce theblending quantity of the electrode insulator, and reduce the internalresistance.

The slurry is prepared by suspending the positive electrode activematerial, conductive agent, and binding agent in an appropriate solvent.An example of the solvent is N-methyl-ethyl-pyrrolidone. It is desirablethat the weight ratio of the gross weight of the positive electrodeactive material, conductive agent, and binding agent to the weight ofthe solvent be 50:50 to 80:20.

It is desirable that the positive electrode current collector 18 aserving also as a backing to be coated with the slurry be constituted ofaluminum foil or foil of an aluminum alloy containing an element such asMg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Si, or the like.

The positive electrode is prepared by suspending, for example, thepositive electrode active material, positive electrode conductive agent,and binding agent in an appropriate solvent, coating the positiveelectrode current collector with the slurry prepared as the suspendedmatter, drying the resultant to manufacture a positive electrode layer,and thereafter subjecting the positive electrode layer to pressing work.

(Negative Electrode Slurry and Negative Electrode)

The negative electrode active material layer 20 b is formed by coatingof negative electrode slurry. The negative electrode slurry is formed bymixing a negative electrode active material, negative electrodeconductive agent, and binding agent with each other. As the negativeelectrode active material to be contained in the negative electrodeslurry, for example, a metallic compound oxide containing titanium canbe used, and examples thereof include a lithium-titanium oxide,titanium-based oxide containing no lithium at the time of the oxidesynthesis, and the like.

Examples of the lithium-titanium oxide include Li_(4+x)Ti₅O₁₂ (0≦x≦3)with a spinel structure, and Li_(2+y)Ti₃O₇ (O≦y≦3) with a ramsdellitestructure.

Examples of the titanium-based oxide include TiO₂, and a metalliccompound oxide containing Ti, and at least one kind of element selectedfrom a group constituted of P, V, Sn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe. As for TiO₂,TiO₂ of the anatase type, and the heat treatment temperature of which is300 to 500° C., and which is of low crystallizability is desirable.

Examples of the metallic compound oxide containing Ti, and at least onekind of element selected from a group constituted of P, V, Sn, Cu, Ni,Co, and Fe include TiO₂—P₂O₅, TiO₂—V₂O₅, TiO₂—P₂O₅—SnO₂, TiO₂—P₂O₅—MeO(Me is at least one kind of element selected from a group constituted ofCu, Ni, Co, and Fe), and the like. It is desirable that this metalliccompound oxide be of a micro-structure in which the crystalline phaseand amorphous phase coexist, or the amorphous phase exists alone. Byemploying a metallic compound oxide being of such a micro-structure, itis possible to largely improve the cycle performance. Above all, ametallic compound oxide containing a lithium-titanium oxide, Ti, and atleast one kind of element selected from a group constituted of P, V, Sn,Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe is desirable.

Examples of the negative electrode conductive agent include acetyleneblack, carbon black, graphite, and the like.

Examples of the binding agent for binding the negative electrode activematerial and negative electrode conductive agent to each other includepolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF),fluorine-containing rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and the like.

As for the compounding ratio of the negative electrode active material,negative electrode conductive agent, and binding agent, it is desirablethat the negative electrode active material be 70% by weight or more,and 96% by weight or less, negative electrode conductive agent be 2% byweight or more, and 28% by weight or less, and binding agent be 2% byweight or more, and 28% by weight or less. When the negative electrodeconductive agent is less than 2% by weight, the current collectionperformance of the negative electrode layer decreases, and thehigh-current characteristic of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondarybattery decreases. Further, when the binding agent is less than 2% byweight, the binding property of binding the negative electrode layer andnegative electrode current collector with each other decreases, and thecycle characteristic decreases. On the other side, from the viewpoint ofthe tendency toward higher capacity, it is desirable that each of thenegative electrode conductive agent and binding agent be 28% by weightor less.

The negative electrode slurry is prepared by suspending the negativeelectrode active material, conductive agent, and binding agent in anappropriate solvent. An example of the solvent isN-methyl-ethyl-pyrrolidone. It is desirable that the weight ratio of thegross weight of the negative electrode active material, conductiveagent, and binding agent to the weight of the solvent be 50:50 to 80:20.

It is desirable that the negative electrode current collector 20 aserving also as a backing to be coated with the negative electrodeslurry be constituted of aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil containingan element such as Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Si, and the like, thealuminum foil and aluminum alloy foil being electrochemically stable ina potential range nobler than 1 V.

The negative electrode 20 is manufactured by coating the negativeelectrode current collector with the slurry prepared by suspending, forexample, the negative electrode active material, negative electrodeconductive agent, and binding agent in a generally used solvent, dryingthe resultant to manufacture a negative electrode layer, and thereaftersubjecting the negative electrode layer to pressing work.

(Non-Aqueous Electrolyte)

Examples of the non-aqueous electrolyte include a liquid non-aqueouselectrolyte prepared by dissolving an electrolyte in an organic solvent,gel non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by compounding a liquid electrolyteand polymeric material, and the like.

The liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is prepared by dissolving anelectrolyte in an organic solvent in a concentration of 0.5 mol/l ormore, and 2.5 mol/l or less.

Examples of the electrolyte include lithium salt such as lithiumperchlorate (LiClO₄), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), lithiumtetrafluoroborate (LiBF₄), arsenic lithium hexafluoride (LiAsF₆),lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF₃SO₃), lithiumbistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide [LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂], and the like, ormixtures of these. It is desirable that the electrolyte be hardlyoxidized at high potential, and LiPF₆ is the most desirable.

Examples of the organic solvent include a cyclic carbonate such aspropylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), vinylene carbonate,and the like, chain carbonate such as diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethylcarbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), and the like, cyclicether such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF),dioxolane (DOX), and the like, chain ether such as dimethoxyethane(DME), diethoethane (DEE), and the like, and single or mixed solventsuch as γ-buthyrolactone (GBL), acetonitrile (AN), sulfolane (SL), andthe like.

Examples of the polymeric material include polyvinylidene-fluoride(PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and the like.

It should be noted that as the non-aqueous electrolyte, an ambienttemperature molten salt containing lithium ions (ionic melt), polymericsolid electrolyte, inorganic solid electrolyte, and the like may beused.

The ambient temperature molten salt (ionic melt) implies a compound thatcan exist as a liquid at an ambient temperature (15° C. to 25° C.) amongorganic salt each constituted of a combination of organic matter cationsand anions. Examples of the ambient temperature molten salt includeambient temperature molten salt existing as a liquid in a simplesubstance, ambient temperature molten salt that becomes a liquid bybeing mixed with an electrolyte, and ambient temperature molten saltthat becomes a liquid by being dissolved in an organic solvent, and thelike. It should be noted that in general, a melting point of an ambienttemperature molten salt used for a non-aqueous electrolyte battery is25° C. or lower. Further, in general, an organic matter cation includesa quaternary ammonium skeleton.

The polymeric solid electrolyte is prepared by dissolving an electrolytein a polymeric material, and solidifying the resultant. The inorganicsolid electrolyte is solid matter provided with lithium ionconductivity.

(Separator)

Examples of the material for the separator 22 include a porous filmincluding polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose orpolyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF), nonwoven fabric made of synthetic resin,and the like. Above all, a porous film constituted of polyethylene orpolypropylene can melt at a fixed temperature to break the current, andhence is desirable from a viewpoint of improvement in safety.

(Exterior Member of Battery)

Examples of the exterior member include a laminated film with athickness of 0.2 mm or less, and metallic container with a thickness of0.5 mm or less. A metallic container with a thickness of 0.3 mm or lessis more desirable.

Examples of the shape include a flat type, rectangular type, cylindricaltype, coin type, button type, sheet type, lamination type, and the like.It should be noted that the battery may naturally be a large batterymounted on a two- or four-wheeled vehicle, or the like in addition to asmall battery incorporated in a portable electronic device or the like.

The laminated film is a multilayer film constituted of metallic layersand resin layers covering the metallic layers. It is desirable, for thesake of weight reduction, that the metallic layer be aluminum foil oraluminum alloy foil. The resin layer is used to reinforce the metalliclayer, and a polymeric material such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene(PE), nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and the like can be usedfor the layer. The laminated film is formed by carrying out sealing bymeans of thermal fusion bonding.

Examples of the metallic container include containers made of aluminumor aluminum alloy. As the aluminum alloy, an alloy containing an elementsuch as magnesium, zinc, silicon, and the like is desirable. On theother hand, it is desirable that the content of a transition metal suchas iron, copper, nickel, chrome, and the like be 1% or less. As a resultof this, it becomes possible to remarkably improve the long-termreliability in the high-temperature environment, and heat-radiationproperty.

According to the secondary battery 10 configured in the manner describedabove, the width H1 of the negative electrode active material layer 20 bincluding the layer 20 b formed at the proximal end part of the negativeelectrode tab 20 c, width H2 of the negative electrode current collector20 a or negative electrode active material layer 20 b at a part otherthan the negative electrode tab 20 c, and width H3 of the positiveelectrode current collector 18 a or positive electrode active materiallayer 18 b are formed to satisfy the relationships of H2<H3, and(H1−H2)≧(H3−H2)÷2. In each electrode cell 24, the negative electrode 20is arranged in such a manner that an outer circumference thereof isopposed to the inner side of the outer circumference of the positiveelectrode active material layer 18 b of the positive electrode 18 exceptfor the negative electrode tab 20 c. The negative electrode activematerial layer 20 b supported on the proximal end part of the negativeelectrode tab 20 c is formed to extend to the outside beyond theposition opposed to the circumferential edge of the positive electrodeactive material layer 18 b. As a result of this, at a part at which thepositive electrode 18 and negative electrode 20 are opposed to eachother, the positive electrode active material layer 18 b and negativeelectrode active material layer 20 b are always opposed to each other,and no part at which the metallic parts of the electrode currentcollector and current collection tab are opposed to each other exists.

Accordingly, even when the positive electrode and negative electrode areshort-circuited by a minute conductive foreign substance through theseparator for some reason, it is possible to prevent the capacity of thesecondary battery from being reduced by the minute short circuit.

Further, each of the electrodes of the secondary battery is formed insuch a manner that, after the rolling, a ratio W2/W1 of the weight W2 ofthe electrode current collector per unit area thereof to the weight W1of the electrode tab part per unit area thereof satisfies therelationship of 0.995<W2/W1. As a result of this, it is possible toprevent strain from being caused at the boundary between the currentcollector and tab, and arrange the electrodes by lamination withoutcausing a gap between the electrodes. Accordingly, it is possible toobtain a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which anresistance component resulting from the gap between the electrodes isreduced, and which outputs high power.

On the other hand, when the ratio W2/W1 becomes 0.999 or more, the loadat the time of the rolling is insufficient, and the physical contactbetween the electrode active material layer and current collectorbecomes insufficient. As a result of this, the contact resistancebetween the electrode active material layer and current collector isincreased, and hence the output is conversely reduced. Accordingly, itis more desirable that the ratio W2/W1 should satisfy the relationshipof 0.995<W2/W1<0.999.

In order to confirm the function/effect of the secondary battery,electrode bodies of secondary batteries according to following examples1, and comparative examples 1 and 2 were formed, and the characteristicswere compared with each other.

EXAMPLE 1

An electrode current collector constituted of aluminum foil was coatedwith lithium cobaltate as the positive electrode active material, and anelectrode current collector was coated with lithium titanate as thenegative electrode active material, whereby a positive electrode 18 andnegative electrode 20 were formed. A positive electrode 18 and negativeelectrode 20 were cut out into the electrode-shape as shown in FIG. 5.At this time, a width H1 of the negative electrode active material layer20 b including the part thereof formed at the proximal end part of thenegative electrode tab 20 c, width H2 of the negative electrode currentcollector 20 a, or the negative electrode active material layer 20 b atthe part other than the negative electrode tab 20 c, and width H3 of thepositive electrode current collector 18 a, or positive electrode activematerial layer 18 b were respectively set as H1=53 mm, H2=50 mm, andH3=52 mm.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the negative electrodes 20 and positiveelectrodes 18 were stacked one on top of the other with the separators22 interposed between the electrodes. At this time, a notch 22 a wasformed at a part of the separator 22 at which the negative electrode tab20 c and positive electrode 18 were opposed to each other, and thelamination was configured so that the positive electrode 18 and negativeelectrode tab 20 c can be in direct contact with each other. This is asimulation of causing the positive electrode 18 and negative electrode20 to be short-circuited by a minute conductive foreign substancepenetrating the separator 22. When force is applied to the electrodesfrom both sides, the electrodes are brought into contact with each otherthrough the notch 22 a of the separator 22, and when the force is notapplied, the electrodes are not brought into contact with each other.

The positive electrodes 18 and negative electrodes 20 stacked in themanner described above were soaked with an electrolytic solution, andwere thereafter sealed in an exterior member constituted of a laminatefilm to prepare a secondary battery. After charging the secondarybattery, force was applied to the electrode body at the notch 22 a ofthe separator 22 to cause a minute short circuit, the battery was keptin this state for seven days, and thereafter the remaining charge of thesecondary battery was measured. As a result of this, charge of about 95%of the capacity was left. The measurement result is shown in followingTable 1.

EXAMPLE 2

Positive electrodes and negative electrodes identical with example 1were manufactured except for that the widths H1, H2, and H3 were set asH1=51 mm, H2=50 mm, and H3=52 mm.

A battery identical with example 1 was manufactured by using the abovepositive electrodes and negative electrodes, and the identicalmeasurement was carried out. The result is shown in Table 1.

EXAMPLE 3

Positive electrodes and negative electrodes identical with example 1were manufactured except for that the widths H1, H2, and H3 were set asH1=103 mm, H2=100 mm, and H3=102 mm.

A battery identical with example 1 was manufactured by using the abovepositive electrodes and negative electrodes, and the identicalmeasurement was carried out. The result is shown in Table 1.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1

As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, an electrode was manufactured without coatinga negative electrode tab 20 c of a negative electrode 20 with a negativeelectrode active material layer 20 b. The other configurations areidentical with example 1. That is, a width H1 of the negative electrodeactive material layer 20 b at a position of the negative electrode tab20 c, width H2 of the negative electrode active material layer 20 b at aposition other than the negative electrode tab 20 c, and width H3 of thepositive electrode current collector 18 a or positive electrode activematerial layer 18 b were respectively set as H1=H2=50 mm, and H3=52 mm.The structure of comparative example 1 is a structure in which thealuminum foil constituting the negative electrode tab 20 c is opposed tothe positive electrode active material layer 18 b.

The positive electrodes 18 and negative electrodes 20 were stacked oneon top of the other with the separators 22 interposed between theelectrodes. At this time, a notch 22 a was formed at a part of theseparator 22 at which the negative electrode tab 20 c and positiveelectrode 18 were opposed to each other, and the lamination wasconfigured so that the positive electrode 18 and negative electrode tab20 c can be in direct contact with each other. This is a simulation ofcausing the positive electrode 18 and negative electrode 20 to beshort-circuited by a minute conductive foreign substance penetrating theseparator 22. When force is applied to the electrodes from both sides,the electrodes are brought into contact with each other through thenotch 22 a of the separator 22, and when the force is not applied, theelectrodes are not brought into contact with each other.

The positive electrodes 18 and negative electrodes 20 stacked in themanner described above were soaked with an electrolytic solution, andwere thereafter sealed in an exterior member constituted of a laminatefilm to prepare a secondary battery. After charging the secondarybattery, force was applied to the electrode body at the notch 22 a ofthe separator 22 to cause a minute short circuit, the battery was keptin this state for seven days, and thereafter the remaining charge of thesecondary battery was measured. As a result of this, charge of about 60%of the capacity was left. The result is shown in following Table 1.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2

A negative electrode active material layer 20 b was formed not by usinglithium titanate as the negative electrode active material layer, but byusing carbon. The other configurations are identical with example 1.After charging the secondary battery, force was applied to the electrodebody at the notch 22 a of the separator 22 to cause a minute shortcircuit, the battery was kept in this state for seven days, andthereafter the remaining charge of the secondary battery was measured.As a result of this, charge of about 61% of the capacity was left. Theresult is shown in following Table 1.

TABLE 1 Remaining capacity ratio Negative electrode after minute activematerial H1 H2 H3 short circuit Example 1 Lithium titanate 53 50 52 95%Example 2 Lithium titanate 51 50 52 94% Example 3 Lithium titanate 103100 102 95% Comparative Lithium titanate 50 50 52 60% Example 1Comparative Carbon 53 50 52 61% Example 2

As can be seen from Table 1, when lithium titanate is used as the activematerial layer of the negative electrode, and the followingrelationships are satisfied, it can be seen that reduction of thecapacity due to the minute short circuit is small.H2<H3, and (H1−H2)≧(H3−H2)÷2

This is because lithium titanate which is the negative electrode activematerial becomes an insulator in the discharging state. That is, it isconceivable that this is because even when a minute short-circuit asshown in example 1 occurs, the negative electrode active material layeris brought into the discharging state in the vicinity of the minuteshort circuit, and the negative electrode active material layer in thedischarging state becomes an insulator, whereby no short-circuit currentflows through the negative electrode active material layer that hasbecome an insulator.

On the other hand, even when lithium titanate is used as the activematerial layer of the negative electrode 20 as in the case ofcomparative example 1, if the relationships shown by the aboveexpressions are not satisfied, it can be seen that reduction of thecapacity of the secondary battery is great. It is conceivable that thisis because the positive electrode active material layer and the aluminumpart of the negative electrode current collector are in contact witheach other, the negative electrode 20 does not become an insulatorunlike example 1, and hence the current continues to flow.

Further, in comparative example 2, carbon is used as the negativeelectrode 20, and hence even when a minute short circuit occurs, theresistance of the negative electrode does not change, and remains small.In this case too, it is conceivable that when the minute short circuitoccurs, the current continues to flow, and reduction of the capacity isgreat.

EXAMPLE 4

A positive electrode 18, and negative electrode 20 were formed by usinglithium cobaltate as a positive electrode active material, using lithiumtitanate as a negative electrode active material, and using aluminumfoil as a current collector. Further, electrodes were cut out into theelectrode-shapes as shown in FIG. 2. At this time, widths H1, H2, and H3were set as H1=53 mm, H2=50 mm, and H3=52 mm.

Thereafter, a load was applied to the positive electrode by using a rollpress, thereby rolling the positive electrode. Thereafter, the electrodeactive layers on the front side and back side were peeled off, and thealuminum foil serving as the current collector was exposed. Part of theexposed aluminum foil was cut out, and the weight W2 per unit area wasobtained. Then, part of the aluminum foil of the electrode tab part wascut out, and the weight W1 per unit area was obtained. From thusobtained W2 and W1, W2/W1 was calculated. The measurement of W2 and W1was repeated while changing the load of the roll press until W2/W1finally becomes 0.008 (i.e., W2/W1=0.998), whereby a positive electrodewas manufactured. As for a negative electrode, W2/W1 was also set as0.998 (i.e., W2/W1=0.998).

As described above, the electrode was rolled so that W2/W1=0.998 can beobtained, whereby it was possible to laminate the electrodes withoutcausing strain at the boundary between the current collector andelectrode tab, and without a gap between the electrodes.

The positive electrodes 18 and negative electrodes 20 prepared in themanner described above were soaked with an electrolytic solution, werethereafter laminated through separators interposed between theelectrodes, and were sealed in an exterior member constituted of alaminate film to manufacture a secondary battery.

After charging the secondary battery, the resistance R0 was measured.The method of measuring the resistance was as follows. A current atwhich the assembled battery was completely discharged was set as 1C, anda current ten times as large as 1C was set as 10C. First, the batterywas discharged at the current 1C for 0.2 seconds, and the batteryvoltage V1 after an elapse of 0.2 seconds was measured. Subsequently,the battery was discharged at the current 1C for 0.2 seconds, and thebattery voltage V2 after an elapse of 0.2 seconds was measured. Further,the resistance R0 was calculated by the expression ofR0=(V1−V2)/(10C−1C). The value of R0 at this time was set as 1. Theresult is shown in Table 2.

EXAMPLE 5

A secondary battery identical with example 4 was manufactured except forthat in each of a positive electrode and negative electrode, W2/W1=0.997was set. Further, the resistance R1 of the battery was measured by thesame method. The ratio of R1 to the resistance R0 measured in example 4is shown in Table 2.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3

A secondary battery identical with example 4 was manufactured except forthat in each of a positive electrode and negative electrode, W2/W1=0.995was set. Further, the resistance R2 of the battery was measured by thesame method. The ratio of R2 to the resistance R0 measured in example 4is shown in Table 2.

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4

A secondary battery identical with example 4 was manufactured except forthat in each of a positive electrode and negative electrode, W2/W1=0.999was set. Further, the resistance R3 of the battery was measured by thesame method. The ratio of R3 to the resistance R0 measured in example 4is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 W2/W1 Ratio of resistance Example 4 0.998 1.00 Example 5 0.9971.05 Comparative 0.995 1.15 Example 3 Comparative 0.999 1.20 Example 4

As can been seen from Table 2, in comparative example 3, the resistanceis larger than example 4. It is conceivable that this is because inexample 4, there is no strain at the boundary between the currentcollector and tab, and the electrodes are in close contact with eachother without a gap, while in comparative example 3, strain is causedbetween the current collector and tab, and a gap is caused between theelectrodes.

Further, from Table 2, it can be seen that in comparative example 4, theresistance is larger than example 4. It is conceivable that this isbecause in comparative example 4, the contact resistance between theactive material layer and current collector metal is large, and theresistance is increased.

Next, the electrode to be used in the above-mentioned secondary battery,and manufacturing method thereof will be described below.

The electrode for the secondary battery according to this embodiment isprovided with a current collector made of metallic foil, tab made ofmetallic foil, extended from the current collector, and activematerial-containing layer formed on each of both surfaces of the currentcollector, and an area including a proximal end part of the tab. Theproximal end part of the tab implies a joint part of the tab positionedon the current collector side, and an end part thereof arranged at thesame position as the position of the side edge of the current collectorfrom which the tab of the current collector is extended.

As the electrode group to be used in a non-aqueous electrolyte batterysuch as the lithium-ion secondary battery, an electrode group formed byrolling up a positive electrode and negative electrode into a flat shapeor cylindrical shape with a separator interposed between the electrodes,and electrode group formed by stacking positive electrodes and negativeelectrodes one on top of each other with separators interposed betweenthe electrodes, and the like are known. In the case of the rolled-upelectrode group, when a tab is formed at an uncoated part of a currentcollector constituted of metallic foil, the tab is also constituted ofthe metallic foil, and hence handling of the electrodes in therolling-up step and the like is difficult, and a problem that the tab isbent or the electrode is cut with the tab being a starting point hasoccurred.

By forming an active material-containing layer at the proximal end partof the tab, it is possible to compensate for the strength of themetallic foil to resist the bending of the tab, and hence it becomeseasy to handle the electrode when the electrode group is manufactured.By restricting the width of the tab proximal end part area on which theactive material-containing layer is to be formed to 3 mm or less fromthe proximal end of the tab, it becomes possible to sufficiently enhancethe strength of the metallic foil to resist the bending of the tab.

The electrode can be used for each of the rolled-up electrode group andlaminated electrode group. When the electrode is used for the rolled-upelectrode group, it is desirable that the current collector should havea belt-like shape, and a plurality of tabs be extended from a long side(side parallel with the rolling-up direction) of the current collector.In this case, it is desirable that two sides of the tab opposed to eachother be provided with an angle larger than 90° with respect to the longside of the current collector. A tab including such two sides has arectangular or trapezoidal shape. In this case, a width of the proximalend part of the tab becomes identical with or larger than a width of adistal end thereof, and hence it becomes possible to prevent theelectrode from being cut with the proximal end part of the tab being astarting point, and handle the electrode easily when the electrode istreated to manufacture the rolled-up electrode group. Further, byforming the corner part of the joint part of the tab into a roundedshape, it is possible to further improve the strength of the electrode.

The method of manufacturing the battery electrode of the presentinvention includes a step of forming an active material-containing layerat least on each of both surfaces of metallic foil except one end partat which a lead part is to be formed, a step of obtaining a currentcollector on both surfaces of which the active material-containinglayers are formed, and a lead part in which an activematerial-containing layer is formed on an area including the lead jointpart by cutting out the metallic foil, and a step of pressing the activematerial-containing layer in the thickness direction.

When both surfaces of the current collector constituted of metallic foilare coated with slurry containing an active material, it is impossibleto make the coating positions on both surfaces perfectly coincide witheach other in terms of mass production, and not a little deviation iscaused. It is sufficient to estimate the deviation to be about 3 mm,this being acceptable to mass production.

However, when there is a deviation from each other in the slurry coatingparts on both surfaces of the current collector, there occurs a problemthat at a part at which one side only of the current collector is coatedwith the slurry, pressing is insufficient, and the density is reduced ascompared with a part at which both sides of the current collector arecoated with slurry. Further, at the part at which one side only of thecurrent collector is coated with slurry, and which is pressed, thedensity is low, and hence exfoliation of the active material is liableto occur in the process, and there is the possibility of an internalshort circuit being caused when exfoliation of the active materialoccurs, this being a problem in terms of quality.

Furthermore, at a part at which both sides of the current collector arecoated with slurry, strong pressing force is applied to the slurry ascompared with the part at which one side only of the current collectoris coated with slurry, and hence extension occurs in the lateraldirection. Accordingly, design is carried out in such a manner that whenan electrode on which a slurry-uncoated part is formed is subjected topressing, the width of the uncoated part is made smaller, or the widthof the tab is made smaller to thereby absorb a difference in extensionof the electrode between the coated part and uncoated part.

Further, when the electrode is reduced in thickness for large currentuse, the number of the laminated electrodes or rolled-up length isincreased, and hence if an uncoated part of the active material is lefton the electrode, there is a problem of disadvantage in terms ofcapacity.

According to the method of manufacturing an electrode of thisembodiment, by cutting out the metallic foil in such a manner that anactive material-containing layer is formed on an area including theproximal end part of the tab, a part at which the activematerial-containing layer is formed on one side only due to thedeviation of the coating position is used for the proximal end part ofthe tab. Accordingly, it is possible to use a part at which the activematerial-containing layer is formed on each of both surfaces for theelectrode main body. As a result of this, it is possible to use only apart in which the coating of the layer is uniform, and the pressingdensity is also uniform for the electrode, and hence it is possible toreduce unevenness in capacity. Further, an active material-uncoated partof the electrode is eliminated to the utmost, and hence this isadvantageous from the viewpoint of capacity density. Furthermore, byexcluding a part at which one side only is coated from the electrodemain body, it is possible to uniformize the adhesion of the currentcollector, and suppress electrode exfoliation.

Further, although the pressing of the electrode is carried out after thecutting step of the metallic foil and active material-containing layer,a difference between the extension of the metallic foil of the part atwhich the active material-coated part is formed on both surfaces due tothe pressing, and the extension due to the pressing of the tab is small,and hence it is possible to avoid distortion or bend of the electrode atthe time of pressing. When the active material-containing layer is cutout, a burr is caused in some cases. By carrying out pressing after thecutting step, it is possible to smooth the burr.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below withreference to the accompanying drawings.

(First Embodiment)

FIGS. 9A, 9B, 10A, and 10B are schematic views showing an electrode tobe used in a laminated electrode group, and a manufacturing stepthereof.

As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, both surfaces of rectangular metallic foilexcluding the circumferential edge part thereof are coated with slurrycontaining the active material, are thereafter dried, and are thenpressed in the thickness direction of the coated part, whereby activematerial-coated parts (active material-containing layers) 2 a and 2 bare formed on both surfaces of the central part of the metallic foil 1.The part at which the metallic foil 1 is exposed, and which surroundsthe active material-coated part 2 a or 2 b is an uncoated part 3.

As shown in FIG. 9B, the coating position of the active material-coatedpart 2 a formed on one surface of the metallic foil 1 is deviated fromthe coating position of the active material-coated part 2 b formed onthe opposite surface of the metallic foil 1, and the deviation amount d(distance between the side of the active material-coated part 2 a andside of the active material-coated part 2 b) is 3 mm or less.

Subsequently, as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, the metallic foil 1 andactive material-coated parts 2 a and 2 b are cut out into a desiredshape. That is, an electrode main body 4 (current collector on bothsurfaces of which active material-containing layers are formed) ispunched out from the part on which the active material-coated parts 2 aand 2 b are formed, and the uncoated part 3, and active material-coatedparts 2 a and 2 b are punched out so that the active material-containinglayer can be formed in the area 6 including the proximal end part X ofthe tab. As a result of this, the part at which the coating positionsare deviated from each other can be used for the proximal end part area6, and hence both surfaces of the side of the electrode main body 4 fromwhich the tab 5 protrudes, and side opposed thereto can be covered withthe active material-containing layer. Further, as for the remaining twosides opposed to each other, parts at which the active material-coatedpart is formed on one surface only are cut off. As a result of this,both surfaces of the electrode main body 4 are covered with the activematerial-containing layer 2 a and 2 b as shown in FIG. 10B.

After that, the active material-coated part may be pressed in thethickness direction thereof. This makes it possible to use only the partwith uniform coating, and uniform pressing density as the electrode, andreduce unevenness in capacity. Further, an active material-uncoated partof the electrode is eliminated to the utmost, and hence this isadvantageous from the viewpoint of capacity density. Furthermore, bycutting off a part at which one side only is coated, the adhesion of thecurrent collector is uniform, and electrode exfoliation can besuppressed.

Further, by carrying out pressing after the tab 5 is punched out fromthe uncoated part 3, a difference between the extension of the metallicfoil of the part at which the active material-coated part is formed oneach of both surfaces at the time of the pressing, and the extension ofthe tab at the time of the pressing becomes small, and hence it ispossible to avoid distortion or bend of the electrode at the time ofpressing.

When the active material-coated part is cut out, a burr is caused insome cases. By carrying out the pressing after the cutting, it ispossible to smooth the burr.

In the electrode 7 manufactured by the above manufacturing method, theactive material-containing layers 2 a and 2 b are formed in the area 6including the proximal end part X of the tab 5, and hence it is possibleto compensate for the strength of the metallic foil 1 to resist thebending of the tab 5. Accordingly, it becomes easy to handle theelectrode when the electrode group is manufactured.

Further, by restricting the width W of the area 6 to 3 mm or less fromthe proximal end of the tab 5, i.e., from the side edge of the electrodemain body 4, it becomes possible to sufficiently enhance the strength ofthe metallic foil to resist the bending of the tab.

(Second Embodiment)

FIGS. 11 and 12 are schematic views showing an electrode used in therolled-up electrode group, and a manufacturing step thereof.

As shown in FIG. 11, both surfaces of the elongated belt-like metallicfoil 1 excluding the both side edge parts in the longitudinal direction,and the one short side part are coated with slurry containing an activematerial, and thereafter the resultant is dried, whereby activematerial-coated parts (active material-containing layers) 2 a and 2 bare formed. A part at which the active material-coated parts 2 a and 2 bare not formed, and the metallic foil 1 is exposed is called an uncoatedpart 3. At the uncoated part 3 a with a larger width of the two uncoatedparts 3 a and 3 b positioned at both side edge parts of the metallicfoil 1, a plurality of tabs 5 are formed in the cutting step to bedescribed later.

The coating position of the active material-coated part 2 a formed onthe one surface of the metallic foil 1 is deviated from the coatingposition of the active material-coated part 2 b formed on the oppositesurface of the metallic foil 1, and the deviation amount is set within arange of 3 mm or less.

As shown in FIG. 12, in the cutting step to be carried out subsequently,an electrode main body 4 (current collector on both surfaces of whichactive material-containing layers are formed) is punched out from thepart on which the active material-coated parts 2 a and 2 b are formed,and the uncoated parts 3 a and 3 b, and active material-coated parts 2 aand 2 b are punched out so that the active material-containing layer canbe left in the area including the proximal end part X of the tab 5. As aresult of this, an electrode 7 including the electrode main body 4, anda plurality of tabs 5 extending from one side edge of the electrode mainbody 4 is obtained. The plurality of tabs 5 are arranged atpredetermined intervals along the side edge of the electrode main body4.

Of the active material-containing layer, the part at which the coatingpositions are deviated from each other can be used for the proximal endpart area of the tab 5, and hence both surfaces of both side parts ofthe electrode main body 4 can be covered with the activematerial-containing layers. As for the remaining two sides (shortsides), the part at which the active material-coated part is formed onone surface only is cut off. As a result of this, both surfaces of thecurrent collector are covered with the active material-containinglayers.

Thereafter, by pressing the current collector in the thickness directionof the active material-coated part, it is possible to use only the partwith uniform coating, and uniform pressing density as the electrode, andreduce unevenness in capacity. Further, an active material-uncoated partof the electrode is eliminated to the utmost, and hence this isadvantageous from the viewpoint of capacity density. Furthermore, bycutting off a part at which one side only is coated, the adhesion of thecurrent collector is uniform, and electrode exfoliation can besuppressed.

The pressing is carried out after the tab 5 is punched out from theuncoated part 3 a, and hence a difference between the extension of themetallic foil of the part at which the active material-coated part isformed on each of both surfaces at the time of the pressing, and theextension of the tab 5 at the time of the pressing becomes small, andhence it is possible to avoid distortion or bend of the electrode at thetime of pressing. When the active material-coated part is cut out, aburr is caused in some cases. By carrying out the pressing after thecutting, it is possible to smooth the burr.

In the electrode 7 manufactured by the above manufacturing method, theactive material-containing layers are formed in the area 6 including theproximal end part X of the tab 5, and hence it is possible to compensatefor the strength of the metallic foil to resist the bending of the tab5. Accordingly, it becomes easy to handle the electrode when theelectrode group is manufactured. Further, by restricting the width W ofthe area to 3 mm or less from the proximal end of the tab 5, it becomespossible to sufficiently enhance the strength of the metallic foil 1 toresist the bending of the tab.

(Third Embodiment)

In the first and second embodiments described previously, in the tab 5,the two sides Y opposed to each other may be inclined at an angle θexceeding 90° toward the side edge (side parallel with the rollingdirection) L of the electrode main body 4 as shown in FIG. 13. The tab 5including such two sides Y has a trapezoidal shape, and a width of theproximal end part X thereof becomes larger than a width of the distalend thereof. Accordingly, it becomes possible to prevent the electrodefrom being cut with the joint part of the tab 5 being a starting point,and handle the electrode easily when the electrode is treated tomanufacture the rolled-up electrode group. Further, each of both cornerparts of the proximal end part of the tab is formed into a roundedshape. In this case, it is possible to further improve the strength ofthe tab 5.

The electrode 7 for the secondary battery described above can be appliedto a non-aqueous electrolyte battery electrode.

As the metallic foil, for example, aluminum foil, aluminum alloy foil,copper foil, and the like can be used. It is desirable that the averagecrystal grain size of the aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil be made50 μm or less. The more desirable average crystal grain size is 3 μm orless. Further it is desirable that the lower limit of the averagecrystal grain size be made 0.01 μm.

The average crystal grain size of aluminum or an aluminum alloy ismeasured by the method described below. The structure of the currentcollector surface is observed by using a metallurgical microscope, thenumber n of crystal grains existing in a visual field of 1 mm×1 mm ismeasured, and the average crystal grain area S (μm²) is calculated byusing the following formula (0).S=(1×10⁶)/n  (0)

Here, the value expressed by (1×10⁶) is the visual field area (μm²) of 1mm×1 mm, and n is the number of crystal grains. By using the obtainedaverage crystal grain area S, the average crystal grain size d (μm) wascalculated from the following formula (1). Such calculation of theaverage crystal grain size d was carried out for five positions (fivevisual fields), and the average was set as the average crystal grainsize. It should be noted that the estimated error is about 5%.d=2(S/π)^(1/2)  (1)

It is desirable that the purity of aluminum be 99.99% or more for thesake of improvement in corrosion resistance, and a high degree ofenhancement in strength. As the aluminum alloy, an alloy containing, inaddition to Al, at least one kind of element selected from a groupconstituted of Fe, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Si is desirable. For example, anAl—Fe alloy, Al—Mn-based alloy, and Al—Mg-based alloy can obtain furtherhigher strength than Al. On the other hand, it is desirable that acontent of a transition metal in aluminum and an aluminum alloy such asNi, Cr, and the like be made 100 ppm or less (including 0 ppm). It isdesirable that the aluminum content in the aluminum alloy be made 95% byweight or more, and 99.5% by weight or less. The more desirable aluminumcontent is 98% by weight or more, and 99.5% by weight or less.

It is desirable that the thickness of the metallic foil be 20 μm or lessfor the sake of a high degree of enhancement in capacity. The moredesirable range is 12 μm or less. Further, it is desirable that thelower limit of the thickness be made 3 μm.

As the negative electrode active material, a substance thatoccludes/discharges lithium can be used, and examples of such asubstance include a carbonaceous substance, metallic oxide, metallicsulfide, metallic nitride, and alloy.

Examples of the carbonaceous substance include a graphitic material orcarbonaceous material (for example, graphite, coke, carbon fiber,spheroidal carbon, thermal decomposition gaseous phase carbonaceoussubstance, resin burned substance, and the like).

It is desirable that the lithium occlusion potential of the negativeelectrode active material be 0.4 V (vs.Li/Li+) or more. As a result ofthis, it is possible to suppress the progress in the alloying reactionof the aluminum component and lithium of the negative electrode currentcollector, and micronization of the negative electrode currentcollector. Furthermore, it is desirable that the lithium occlusionpotential be within a range from 0.4 V (vs.Li/Li+) to 3 V (vs.Li/Li⁺).As a result of this, it is possible to improve the battery voltage. Themore desirable potential range is from 0.4 V (vs.Li/Li⁺) to 2 V(vs.Li/Li⁺).

Examples of the metallic oxide capable of occluding lithium within thepotential range from 0.4 V (vs.Li/Li⁺) to 3 V (vs.Li/Li⁺) include atitanium oxide such as TiO₂, and the like, lithium-titanium oxide suchas {Li_(4+x)Ti₅O₁₂ (x is within the range of −1≦x≦3) of the spinel type,(Li₂Ti₃O₇) of the ramsdellite type, and the like, tungsten oxide such asWO₃, and the like, amorphous tin oxide such as SnB_(0.4)P_(0.6)O_(3.1),and the like, tin-silicon oxide such as SnSiO₃, and the like, andsilicon oxide such as SiO, and the like.

Examples of the metallic sulfide capable of occluding lithium within thepotential range from 0.4 V (vs.Li/Li+) to 3 V (vs.Li/Li+) include atitanium sulfide such as TiS₂, and the like, molybdenum sulfide such asMoS₂, and the like, and ferric sulfide such as FeS, FeS₂, Li_(x)FeS₂,and the like.

Examples of the metallic nitride capable of occluding lithium within thepotential range from 0.4 V (vs.Li/Li⁺) to 3 V (vs.Li/Li⁺) include alithium-cobalt nitride such as Li_(x)Co_(Y)N (0<x<4, 0<y<0.5), and thelike.

As the negative electrode active material, lithium titanate isdesirable. This is because the lithium occlusion potential of lithiumtitanate is about 1.5 V (vs.Li/Li⁺), and lithium titanate is a materialelectrochemically stable with respect to the aluminum foil currentcollector or aluminum alloy foil current collector.

The slurry containing the negative electrode active material is preparedby suspending, for example, a negative electrode material, conductiveagent, and binding agent in an appropriate solvent.

As the conductive agent for enhancing the electron conductivity, andreducing the contact resistance associated with the contact with thecurrent collector, a carbon material can be used. Examples of the carbonmaterial include acetylene black, carbon black, coke, carbon fiber,graphite, and the like.

Examples of the binding agent for binding the active material andconductive agent to each other include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF), fluorine-containing rubber,styrene-butadiene rubber, and the like.

On the other hand, examples of the positive electrode active materialinclude an oxide, sulfide, polymer, and the like. Examples of the oxideinclude manganese dioxide (MnO₂), iron oxide, copper oxide, and nickeloxide, a lithium-manganese composite oxide such as Li_(x)Mn₂O₄,Li_(x)MnO₂, and the like, lithium-nickel composite oxide such asLi_(x)NiO₂, and the like, lithium-cobalt composite oxide such asLi_(x)CoO₂, and the like, lithium-nickel-cobalt composite oxide such asLiNi_(1-y)Co_(y)O₂, and the like, lithium-manganese-cobalt compositeoxide such as LiMn_(y)Co_(1-y)O₂, and the like, spinel-typelithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide such as Li_(x)Mn_(2-y)Ni_(y)O₄,and the like, lithium-phosphorus oxide with an olivine-structure such asLi_(x)FePO₄, Li_(x)Fe_(1-y)Mn_(y)PO₄, Li_(x)CoPO₄, and the like, ironsulfate such as Fe₂(SO₄)₃, and the like, and vanadium oxide such asV₂O₅, and the like. It should be noted that it is desirable that each ofx, and y be within a range of 0 to 1.

Examples of the polymer include a conductive polymer such aspolyaniline, and polypyrrole, and a disulfide-based polymer material,and the like. In addition, sulfur (S), carbon fluoride, and the like canalso be used. Examples of the desirable positive electrode activematerial include a lithium-manganese composite oxide, lithium-nickelcomposite oxide, lithium-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-nickel-cobaltcomposite oxide, spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide,lithium-manganese-cobalt composite oxide, lithium iron phosphate, andthe like. By using these active materials, a high positive electrodevoltage is obtained.

The slurry containing a positive electrode active material is preparedby suspending, for example, the positive electrode active material,conductive agent, and binding agent in an appropriate solvent.

Examples of the conductive agent for enhancing the electronconductivity, and reducing the contact resistance associated with thecontact with the current collector include acetylene black, carbonblack, graphite, and the like.

Examples of the binding agent for binding the active material andconductive agent to each other include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF), fluorine-containing rubber, and thelike.

EXAMPLES

Examples of the present invention will be described below with referenceto the drawings described previously. It should be noted that thepresent invention is not limited to following examples to be describedbelow as far as the spirit of the present invention is not exceeded.

A description will be given below by taking a non-aqueous electrolytebattery negative electrode in which lithium titanate is used as theactive material as an example.

Example 1

Powder of lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂) which is an active material withthe lithium occlusion potential of 1.55 V (vs.Li/Li⁺), and the spinelstructure, carbon powder serving as a conductive agent, andpolyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF) serving as a binding agent werecompounded at weight ratios of 90:7:3, and the resultant was dispersedin an n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to prepare slurry. Both sides ofaluminum foil (purity: 99.99%) with a thickness of 15 μm, and averagecrystal grain size of 1 μm were coated with the slurry, and thereafterthe coated slurry was dried.

At this time, a slurry-uncoated part with a width of 35 mm was left atone side edge part of the metallic foil, a slurry-uncoated part with awidth of 15 mm was left at the other side edge part thereof, the coatingwidth (coating width parallel with the short sides of the metallic foil)of the slurry was made 70 mm, and the deviation of each of the activematerial coating positions on both surfaces from each other was adjustedto 3 mm or less.

Subsequently, the metallic foil on which the active material-containinglayers were formed was cut out to form a plurality of tabs at theuncoated part with the width of 35 mm. At this time, the metallic foilwas cut out in such a manner that the uncoated part was not left atparts other than the tabs, and an active material-coated part (activematerial-containing layer) with a width of 3 mm or less was left at aproximal end part of each of the tabs. Further, the other side edge partwas also cut out to leave no uncoated part thereon. Accordingly, it wasnecessary to apply the slurry in a size somewhat larger than the cuttingsize.

Subsequently, the active material-containing layer was pressed in thethickness direction, and then was cut out, whereby a negative electrodeof the structure shown in FIG. 13 described previously with a width of60 mm, length of 4500 mm, and thickness of the activematerial-containing layer of 35 μm was obtained. The density of theactive material-containing layer part was about 2.3 g/cm³.

Example 2

A negative electrode identical with that described in example 1 wasmanufactured except for that a width W of an active material-containinglayer formed at a proximal end part of a tab is changed as shown inTable 3. It should be noted that that the width W of the activematerial-containing layer is 0 mm implies that no activematerial-containing layer is formed at a part from the proximal end ofthe tab to the distal end thereof. Further, that the width W of theactive material-containing layer is −1 mm implies that a distancebetween an end edge of the active material-containing layer formed onthe electrode main body and the proximal end of the tab is 1 mm.

A separator constituted of a porous film made of polyethylene wasinterposed between each negative electrode and positive electrode, andthese members were rolled up into a flat spiral shape, whereby anelectrode group was manufactured. The manufacturing method of thepositive electrode is as follows.

Lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) serving as an active material, graphitepowder serving as a conductive agent, and polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVdF)serving as a binding agent were compounded at weight ratios of 87:8:5,and the resultant was dispersed in an n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solventto prepare slurry. Aluminum foil (purity: 99.99%) with a thickness of 15μm, and average crystal grain size of 10 μm was coated with the slurry,thereafter the coated slurry was dried, and was then pressed, whereby apositive electrode with electrode density of 3.5 g/cm³ was manufactured.

The rate of occurrence of bending of the lead part in the manufacturingstep of the rolled-up electrode group is shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Width W of active Rate of occurrence material-containing ofbending Layer (mm) of lead part (%) 3 0.00 2 0.02 1 0.05 0 0.11 −1 0.12

As is evident from Table 3, when 3 mm or less of the width of the activematerial-containing layer formed at the proximal end part of the tab isleft, the rate of occurrence of the bending of the lead part is reduced,and the yield can be improved.

Example 3

In the negative electrode of example 1 described previously, as for thecoating positions of the active material-containing layers formed onboth surfaces of the metallic foil, a considerable positional deviationoccurs. The deviation of each of the coating positions on both surfacesfrom each other was set as 3 mm. Then, the coating width (coating widthin the short side direction excluding the tab), and the electrode width(width in the short side direction excluding the tab) after the cuttingwere changed as shown in Table 4, and the ratio of the coating width tothe total width of both surfaces of the electrode at that time wasobtained. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Electrode width Coating width Deviation of Ratio of activematerial after cutting of slurry coating surfaces coating width to totalwidth (excluding lead part) (excluding lead part) on both surfaces ofboth surfaces of electrode 60 mm 70 mm 3 mm 100% 60 mm 60 mm 3 mm 97.5% 60 mm 50 mm 3 mm  83% 40 mm 50 mm 3 mm 100% 40 mm 40 mm 3 mm 96.25%   40mm 30 mm 3 mm  75% 20 mm 30 mm 3 mm 100% 20 mm 20 mm 3 mm 92.5%  20 mm10 mm 3 mm  50%

When the coating width is made 60 mm for the cutting width 60 mm of theelectrode, the deviation of the coating positions is 3 mm, and hence bycutting out the electrode to leave no uncoated part on one surface, anuncoated part with a width of 3 mm is left on the other surface. Thecutting width is 60 mm on each of the surfaces, and the ratio of theuncoated part to the total of these widths is calculated as follows;uncoated part width 3 mm/(cutting width of front side 60 mm+cuttingwidth of reverse side 60 mm)=2.5%, this being the reduction in capacity.As shown in the results of Table 4, the narrower the electrode widthafter the cutting, the greater the influence is.

In this example, although the coating width is set redundantly largerthan the electrode width to be obtained after the cutting by 10 mm, whenthe positional deviation of the coating positions of both surfaces is 3mm or less, if the coating width is provided with minimum redundancy of3 mm, the same effect can be obtained. It should be noted that when thecoating width is set to be provided with redundancy of 10 mm withrespect to the electrode width to be obtained after the cutting, thewidth of the active material-containing layer from the proximal end ofthe tab becomes 10 mm.

Further, at a part at which the active material-containing layer isformed on one side only, the density of the active material is low, andhence the layer is liable to exfoliate. When an exfoliated flake of theactive material is mixed in the inside of the battery, there is thepossibility of a failure being caused due to an internal short-circuit.

Example 4

A difference in bending of the tab based on a difference in shape of thetab was examined.

When each of the two sides of the tab of the negative electrode ofexample 1 described previously opposed to each other is inclined withrespect to the side edge (side edge in the longitudinal direction) at anangle smaller than 90°, for example, 80°, there occurs a case where thenegative electrode is cut while the positive electrode, separator, andnegative electrode are rolled up, and there has been the possibility ofthe operating rate being reduced.

When each of the two sides Y of the tab opposed to each other wasinclined with respect to the side edge at an angle θ exceeding 90°, forexample, 100°, the number of times of breakage of the negative electrodeduring the rolling decreased, and the operating rate was improved. It isdesirable that the angle θ be as large as possible. However, in the casewhere it is desired to make the width of the tab 5 small due to thedesign restriction, it was confirmed that by forming the corner part onthe proximal end side of the tab into an arcuate shape, the same effectcould be obtained when the angle formed by each of the sides is 90° orlarger. It should be noted that it was confirmed that even when theproximal end side corner part of the tab 5 was formed into an arcuateshape, if there was any part at which an angle formed by each of the twosides of the tab opposed to each other and the side parallel with therolling direction (long side direction) was smaller than 90°, thenegative electrode was cut with the part being a starting point.

Example 5 Examination of Difference in Rate of Occurrence of Burr Due toOrder of Cutting Step and Pressing Step

When the active material-containing layer of the electrode is cut, aminute burr occurs at the cutting surface, and causes a failure such asa short circuit inside the battery in some cases.

As shown in example 1 described previously, the metallic foil is coatedwith slurry containing the active material, the resultant is thereafterdried, then is cut out, and then is subjected to a pressing step,whereby the burr at the cutting surface is smoothed, and it is possibleto reduce the occurrence of failures such as a short circuit, and thelike inside the battery.

As has been described above in detail, according to the batteryelectrode, and method of manufacturing the same associated with thisembodiment, it is possible to provide an electrode capable of reducingdefects of tab-bending, and a method of manufacturing the electrode.Further, it is possible to provide a secondary battery suitable for alarge current use which realizes improvement in electrode capacitydensity, and reduction in capacity unevenness, and in which internaldefects due to exfoliation of the electrode active material and burrsare largely suppressed.

The present invention is not limited directly to the embodimentdescribed above, and its components may be embodied in modified formswithout departing from the spirit of the invention. Further, variousinventions may be formed by suitably combining a plurality of componentsdescribed in connection with the foregoing embodiment.

1. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising: an exteriormember; and an electrode body and non-aqueous electrolyte liquiddisposed in the exterior member, wherein: the electrode body comprises apositive electrode and a negative electrode superimposed upon each otherwith a separator interposed between the electrodes; the positiveelectrode comprises (i) a positive electrode current collector having anouter edge, (ii) a positive electrode tab protruding from the outer edgeof the positive electrode current collector and being continuous withthe positive electrode current collector without a joint, and (iii) apositive electrode active material layer disposed on the positiveelectrode current collector over an entire width of the positiveelectrode current collector; the negative electrode comprises (i) anegative electrode current collector having an outer edge, (ii) anegative electrode tab protruding from the outer edge of the negativeelectrode current collector and being continuous with the negativeelectrode current collector without a joint, and (iii) a negativeelectrode active material layer comprising lithium titanate, disposed onthe negative electrode current collector over an entire width of thenegative electrode current collector, and on a proximal end part of thenegative electrode tab; the negative electrode is superimposed upon thepositive electrode such that the negative electrode active materiallayer, except a portion on the proximal end part of the negativeelectrode tab, is positioned inside an outer edge of the positiveelectrode active material layer; and a width H1 of the negativeelectrode active material layer including the portion disposed on theproximal end part of the negative electrode tab, a width H2 of thenegative electrode active material layer or negative electrode currentcollector at a location other than the negative electrode tab, and awidth H3 of the positive electrode current collector or positiveelectrode active material layer satisfy relationships of H2<H3, and(H1-H2)≧(H3-H2)÷2.
 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the negativeelectrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode tabextends to the outer edge of the positive electrode active materiallayer or to an outside beyond the outer edge of the positive electrodeactive material layer.
 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the separatorhas an outer edge positioned outside the outer edge of the positiveelectrode active material layer, and positioned inside an extending endof the positive electrode tab and an extending end of the negativeelectrode tab.
 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein: a weight per unitarea of the positive electrode current collector is W1, a weight perunit area of the positive electrode tab is W2, and W1 and W2 satisfy arelationship of 0.995<W2/W1 <0.999; and a weight per unit area of thenegative electrode current collector is W1′, a weight per unit area ofthe negative electrode tab is W2′, and W1′ and W2′ satisfy arelationship of 0.995<W2′/W1′<0.999.
 5. The battery of claim 1, whereinat least one selected from the group consisting of the positiveelectrode current collector, the negative electrode current collector,the positive electrode tab, and the negative electrode tab, comprises ametallic foil.
 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the positive electrodeactive material layer is disposed on two surfaces of the positiveelectrode current collector.
 7. The battery of claim 1, wherein thenegative electrode active material layer is disposed on two surfaces ofthe negative electrode current collector, and on an area comprising theproximal end part of the negative electrode tab.
 8. The battery of claim7, wherein a width of the area is 3 mm or less.
 9. The battery of claim1, wherein: (a) a plurality of the positive electrode tabs protrude froma long side of the positive electrode current collector; (b) a pluralityof the negative electrode tabs protrude from a long side of the negativeelectrode current collector; or (c) both (a) and (b).
 10. The battery ofclaim 9, wherein each tab has two sides opposed to each other, and eachof the two sides forms an angle equal to or greater than 90° with thelong side of the current collector.
 11. The battery of claim 5, whereinthe positive electrode current collector comprises: an aluminum foil, ora foil of an aluminum alloy comprising at least one element selectedfrom the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Si.
 12. Thebattery of claim 5, wherein the negative electrode current collectorcomprises: an aluminum foil, or a foil of an aluminum alloy comprisingat least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn,Mn, Fe, Cu and Si.
 13. The battery of claim 1, wherein the separatorcomprises polyethylene or polypropylene.
 14. The battery of claim 1,wherein the exterior member is a metallic container comprising aluminum.15. The battery of claim 14, wherein the metallic container comprises 1%or less of transition metals.